With TTE, the SV is usually obtained as the product of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) cross-sectional area (CSA) by the LVOT velocity–time integral (LVOT VTI) the CO results as the product of the SV and the heart rate (HR). ![]() With TTE, there are several points that practitioners should consider to make estimations of the SV/CO as simplest as possible and avoid confounders. While there are several methods for obtaining this data, the use of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is gaining acceptance among intensivists and emergency physicians. Stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) are basic hemodynamic parameters which aid in targeting organ perfusion and oxygen delivery in critically ill patients with hemodynamic instability.
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